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come to egypt .. open invitation to all
Planetary alignment that will take place Dec 3, 2012 is dead-on alignment with the pyramids at Giza. Night Sky in Giza, egypt on December 3, 2012, local time … one hour before sunrise compared with the pyramids at Giza.
Planets inline: Mercury / Venus / Saturn
now booking trip to Pyramids
contact us 00201005142019
Tourist Goods
Are items that are keen on acquiring the tourist ticket for the trip to tourist destinations, which are often associated with traditional commodities environment tourist destination and increase in value if these goods manufactured manually and has
It includes in its entirety the following commodities: -
1. Copper products such as copper platen busy and non-busy either
grafted with metal or other non-grafted, utensils and Alvazet Alhimdnat
copper and other brass other.
2. Leatherware such Alibov, belts, wallets and bags leather and
footwear for different kinds of nature Pharaonic dishes and wood and
mother of pearl inlaid woodwork or grafted.
3. Woodworks like oriels with different sizes and shapes, chairs nature
Pharaonic dishes and wood and mother of pearl inlaid woodwork or
grafted.
4. Gold jewelery such as gold and silver cartouche nature Pharaonic and
gold jewelry inlaid with precious stones or non-grafted replicas of
ancient Egyptian forms or silver jewelry, bracelets, jewelry nature
Pharaonic, Islamic and Turkish and other gold and silver.
5. Jewelery and ornaments such as jewelery and ornaments made of metal and precious stones or precious natural or industrial.
6. Manufactures cotton T-shirt, like Aljellalab with shapes and colors
or Pharaonic Egyptian and Oriental or different clothing bearing the
character of Pharaonic or Muslim or Turkish or Egyptian and other
embroidered whether or not embroidered.
7. Handicrafts such as those made from wool or silk, carpets, whether
made of wool or pure silk or mixture of various kinds and Alokelmh and
paintings made from various fabrics Kalpoplan or Alsma or other
needlework and whether Albroodria or other.
8. Glass jewelry made from colored glass or Atelmahq perfume bottles
and colorful shapes made of glass statues, antiques and Alvazet and
others.
9. tourist brochures and kart Bostal significance for Egyptian antiquities, beaches and sights in general.
10. Memorial manufactures and artifacts such as statues made of wood,
ivory, alabaster and other provided they are not older than a hundred
years.
11. Tools such as fishing and diving Alsnarat, stocks, and other bow.
12. Different kinds of perfumes, especially oriental original manufacturer of musk or other different flowers.
13. Industry papyri.
We must emphasize that art crafts and traditional industries of
creative activities innate in most humans are linked to their
communities and their history, and Egyptian history richly diverse from
the date of Pharaonic and Roman and Coptic, Islamic and Arabic and
Turkish and modern and is also associated with heritage Egyptian each
province separately, there art associated with the Sinai and another
linked in Upper Egypt Unlike associated SIWA and North Coast in
Alexandria and Matrouh.
And will be mentioned brief on each of these commodities commodity fourteen: -
Handmade carpets: -
It is divided into Handmade silk factory and Alokelmh including woolen or cotton and handmade carpets Hariri
Includes several sizes as well as the associated value of the number of
nodes per square centimeter, as well as graphics that achieve the
desired shape mismatch Isfahani and steam ...
They are of value and with high prices and the famous pyramid Hurrian and this kind of handmade carpets Hariri.
§ Alokelmh Sufism: -
Often linked to the environment, whether Bedouin or a hand-made coastal
Bmghazl and hand looms contribute to women and children in their
manufacture.
The area is famous Siwa and El Arish and Matrouh Balokelmh Sufism.
§ Alokelmh cotton: -
It is often produced manually from the remains of fabrics are woven in
forms inspired by the Egyptian countryside where often Mizar in the
form of whole or country house, trees and animals used by the farmer
which the Sizes multiple uses peasants in the rooms and floor and
accept tourists on acquiring a relevant discounted rates and
reasonable.
Silverware: -
They are divided into two types in the base silver artifacts light and
include jewelry, bracelets, pendants, medals and cartridges.
And silver, a heavy trays and dishes include, incense burners,
Candlestick and pitchers and some models such as shisha and the ability
of beans ...... Etc
The international Air transport association (IATA) is an international industry trade group of airlines headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where the international Civil Aviation Organization is also headquartered. The executive offices are at the Geneva Airport in Switzerland.
IATA's mission is to represent, lead, and serve the airline industry. iata represents some 240 airlines comprising 84% of scheduled international air traffic.[1] The Director General and Chief Executive Officer is Tony Tyler. Currently, iata is present in over 150 countries covered through 101 offices around the globe.
History
IATA was formed on 19 April 1945, in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the international Air Traffic Association, founded in The Hague in 1919, the year of the world's first international scheduled services. At its founding, iata
had 57 members from 31 nations, mostly in Europe and North America.
Today it has about 243 members (as of April 2012) from more than 126
nations in every part of the world.
Mission
IATA’s stated mission is to represent, lead and serve the airline
industry. All the Airline rules and regulations are defined by IATA. The
main aim of iata is to provide safe and secure transportation to its passengers.
Activities
Price setting
One of its core functions was to act as a price setting body for international airfare. In an arrangement going back to 1944, international
fare prices have been set through bilateral governmental agreements
rather than through market mechanisms. Airlines had been granted a
special exemption by each of the main regulatory authorities in the
world to consult prices with each other through this body.
Originally both domestic and international
aviation were highly regulated by IATA. Since 1978 in US and later in
Europe, domestic deregulation highlighted the benefits of open markets
to consumers in terms of lower fares and companies in terms of more
efficient networks. This led to the formation of bilateral "open skies"
agreements that weakened IATA's price fixing role. Negotiations are
underway since 2003 to create a completely deregulated aviation market
covering European and US airspace.
In recent years the organisation has been accused of acting as a cartel, and many low cost carriers are not full iata
members. The European Union's competition authorities are currently
investigating the IATA. In 2005, Neelie Kroes, the European Commissioner
for Competition, made a proposal to lift the exception to consult
prices. In July 2006, the United States Department of Transportation
also proposed to withdraw antitrust immunity.[3] iata teamed with SITA for an electronic ticketing solution.
The effect of the antitrust investigations has been that 'IATA fares' have been withdrawn -
Within EU at the end of 2006
Between EU-USA and between EU-Australia at the end of June 2007
Between EU and the rest of the world ended the end of October 2007
Australian competition authority ACCC ended immunity in June 2008 for markets to/from Australia
IATA has responded to the demise of the iata fares by introducing a new fareclass - Flexfares [4]. However, these new fares are not replacement of the earlier full iata fare, and a number of airlines (including Lufthansa [5]) are not participating in this.
For fare calculations iata has divided the world in three regions:
South, Central and North America.
Europe, Middle East and Africa. iata Europe includes the geographical Europe and Turkey, Israel, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the islands of the Pacific Ocean.
Other activities
IATA assigns 3-letter iata Airport Codes and 2-letter iata airline designators, which are commonly used worldwide. ICAO also assigns airport and airline codes. For Rail&Fly systems, iata also assigns iata train station codes. For delay codes, iata assigns iata Delay Codes.
IATA is pivotal in the worldwide accreditation of travel agents. In the
U.S., agents who wish to sell airline tickets must also achieve
accreditation with the Airlines Reporting Corporation. Over 80% of
airlines' sales come from iata accredited agents. The iata / IATAN ID Card is a globally recognized industry credential for travel professionals.
IATA administrates worldwide the Billing and Settlement Plan (BSP) and
Cargo Accounts Settlement Systems (CASS) that serve as a facilitator of
the sales, reporting and remittance of accredited travel and cargo
agencies. Both settlement programmes are ruled by standards and
resolutions.
IATA regulates the shipping of dangerous goods and publishes the iata
Dangerous Goods Regulations manual (DGR)[5] yearly, a globally accepted
(de facto) field source reference for airlines' shipping of hazardous
materials.
IATA coordinates the Scheduling process which governs the allocation and
exchange of slots at congested airports worldwide, applying fair,
transparent and non-discriminatory principles. In consultation with the
airline and airport coordinator communities, iata
manages and publishes the industry standards in the Worldwide
Scheduling Guidelines (WSG) intended to provide guidance on managing the
allocation of slots at airports.
IATA maintains the Timatic database containing cross border passenger
documentation requirements. It is used by airlines to determine whether a
passenger can be carried, as well as by airlines and travel agents to
provide this information to travelers at the time of booking.
IATA publishes standards for use in the airline industry. The Bar Coded
Boarding Pass (BCBP) standard defines the 2-dimensional (2D) bar code
printed on paper boarding passes or sent to mobiles phones as electronic
boarding passes. The Electronic Miscellaneous Document (EMD) defines a
standard document to account airlines sales and track usage of charges.
IATA publishes the iata
Rates of Exchange (IROE) four times per year, used with the Neutral
Unit of Construction (NUC) fare currency-neutral construction system
that superseded the older Fare Construction Unit (FCU) system in 1989.
In 2004, iata
launched Simplifying the Business - a set of five initiatives which it
says will save the industry US$6.5 billion every year. These projects
are BCBP, iata e-freight, CUSS (common use self-service), Baggage Improvement Programme (BIP) and the Fast Travel Programme.
In 2003, the iata
Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) was launched with the aim to serve as a
standard and worldwide recognized certification of airlines'
operational management. The IOSA certification has now become a
mandatory requisite for all iata member airlines.
IATA is a member of the Air transport Action Group (ATAG)
Criticism
In 2011, the election of James Hogan, the serving CEO of Etihad, to
IATA's board was criticized by CEOs of regional carriers Qatar Airways
and Emirates. The election was considered indicative of IATA's
prevailing image as “an entity run by the very few"[8] without due
consultation from participants
A travel agency
is a private retailer or public service that provides tourism related
services to the public on behalf of suppliers such as airlines, car
rentals, cruise lines, hotels, railways, and package tours .
In addition to dealing with ordinary tourists most travel agencies have a separate department devoted to making travel arrangements for business travelers and some travel agencies specialize in commercial and business travel only. There are also travel agencies that serve as general sales agents for foreign travel companies, allowing them to have offices in countries other than where their headquarters are located.
Origins
The British company Cox & Kings is sometimes said to be the oldest travel agency
in the world, but this rests upon the services that the original bank,
established in 1758, supplied to its wealthy clients. The modern travel agency
first appeared in the second half of the 19th century. Thomas Cook, in
addition to developing the package tour, established a chain of agencies
in the last quarter of the 19th century, in association with the
Midland Railway. They not only sold their own tours to the public, but
in addition, represented other tour companies. Other British pioneer travel agencies were Dean & Dawson,[1] the Polytechnic Touring Association and the Co-operative Wholesale Society. The oldest travel agency
in North America is Brownell Travel; on July 4, 1887, Walter T.
Brownell led ten travelers on a European tour, setting sail from New
York on the SS Devonia.[2]
Travel agencies became more commonplace with the development of commercial aviation, starting in the 1920s. Originally, travel agencies largely catered to middle and upper class customers, but the post-war boom in mass-market package holidays resulted in travel agencies
on the main streets of most British towns, catering to a working-class
clientele, looking for a convenient way to book overseas beach holidays.
Operations
A travel agency's main function is to act as an agent, selling travel
products and services on behalf of a supplier. Consequently, unlike
other retail businesses, they do not keep a stock in hand. A package
holiday or a ticket is not purchased from a supplier unless a customer
requests that purchase. The holiday or ticket is supplied to them at a
discount. The profit is therefore the difference between the advertised
price which the customer pays and the discounted price at which it is
supplied to the agent. This is known as the commission. In many
countries, all individuals or companies that sell tickets are required
to be licensed as a travel agent. In some countries, airlines have stopped giving commission to travel agencies.
Therefore, travel agencies
are now forced to charge a percentage premium or a standard flat fee,
per sale. However, some companies still give them a set percentage for
selling their product. Major tour companies can afford to do this,
because if they were to sell a thousand trips at a cheaper rate, they
still come out better than if they sell a hundred trips at a higher
rate. This process benefits both parties.
Other commercial operations are undertaken, especially by the larger chains. These can include the sale of in-house insurance, travel
guide books and timetables, car rentals, and the services of an on-site
Bureau de change, dealing in the most popular holiday currencies.
The majority of travel
agents have felt the need to protect themselves and their clients
against the possibilities of commercial failure, either their own or a
supplier's. They will advertise the fact that they are surety bonded,
meaning in the case of a failure, the customers are guaranteed either an
equivalent holiday to that which they have lost or if they prefer, a
refund.
Many British and American agencies and tour operators are bonded with the International Air Transport Association (IATA),[3] for those who issue air tickets, Air travel Organisers' Licensing (ATOL) for those who order tickets in, the Association of British travel Agents (ABTA) or the American Society of travel Agents (ASTA), for those who sell package holidays on behalf of a tour company.
A travel agent is supposed to offer impartial travel advice to the customer. However, this function almost disappeared with the mass-market package holiday and some agency
chains seemed to develop a 'holiday supermarket' concept, in which
customers choose their holiday from brochures on racks and then book it
from a counter. Again, a variety of social and economic changes have now
contrived to bring this aspect to the fore once more, particularly with
the advent of multiple, no-frills, low-cost airlines
Commissions
Several areas of a travel agency’s focus pay commissions to the agency
which becomes it’s principal income. These mainly are: car rentals,
cruise lines, hotels, railways, sightseeing tours, tour operators, etc. A
fixed percentage of the main element of the price, is paid to the agent
as a commission. Commissions are not paid on the Tax component of the
price.
With regard to Air travel however, commissions are becoming a thing of the past. In the United States, most airlines pay no commission at all to travel agencies. In this case, an agency
usually adds a service fee to the net price. Reduced commissions have
taken place since 1995, when first commission reductions hit North
America: a cap of US$50 on return trips and US$25 on one way. [4] In
1999 European airlines began eliminating or reducing commissions, while
Singapore Airlines did so in parts of Asia.[5] In 2002 Delta Air Lines
announced a zero commission base for USA and Canada; after a few months
United Airlines, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Northwest
Airlines, US Airways and American Trans Air joined Delta.
Types of agencies
There are three different types of agencies
in the UK: multiples, miniples and independent agencies. The former
comprises a number of national chains, often owned by international
conglomerates, like Thomson Holidays, now a subsidiary of TUI AG, the
German multinational.[7] It is now quite common for the large
mass-market tour companies to purchase a controlling interest in a chain
of travel
agencies, in order to control the distribution of their product. (This
is an example of vertical integration.) The smaller chains are often
based in particular regions or districts.
In the United States, there are four different types of agencies: mega,
regional, consortium and independent agencies. American Express and the
American Automobile Association (AAA) are examples of mega travel agencies.
Independent agencies
usually cater to a special or niche market, such as the needs of
residents in an upmarket commuter town or suburb or a particular group
interested in a similar activity, such as sporting events, like
football, golf or tennis.
There are two approaches of travel agencies. One is the traditional, multi-destination, out-bound travel agency, based in the originating location of the traveler and the other is the destination focused, in-bound travel
agency, that is based in the destination and delivers an expertise on
that location. At present, the former is usually a larger operator like
Thomas Cook, while the latter is often a smaller, independent operator.
Consolidators
Airline consolidators and other types of travel
consolidators and wholesalers are high volume sales companies that
specialize in selling to niche markets. They may or may not offer
various types of services, at a single point of access. These can be
hotel reservations, flights or car-rentals. Sometimes the services are
combined into vacation packages, that include transfers to the location
and lodging.
These companies do not usually sell directly to the public, but act as wholesalers to retail travel agencies. Commonly, the sole purpose of consolidators is to sell to ethnic niches in the travel
industry. Usually no consolidator offers everything; they may only have
contracted rates to specific destinations. Today, there are no domestic
consolidators, with some exceptions for business class contracts.
What special Knowledge, skills and resources will I Need
Personal suitability to tourism must also be matched by the possession of, or access to, a range of skills, knowledge and resources
to maximise the chances of the long term survival of your tourism
business. For example, do you feel comfortable with your ability to
tackle the following?
Feasibility Assessment
• Being able to determine if there is a market for your business.
• Identifying sources of information.
• Preparation of basic operating/revenue projections.
• knowledge of industry rules of thumb (eg cost of food and beverage as a percentage of revenue).
Financing
• How to prepare a financing proposal for a potential financier.
• How to structure the optimum financing package (how much debt is too much, is leasing viable, etc.).
• Which institutions could be approached for tourism finance.
Product Design/Location
• How should the product be designed/located to ensure it meets the needs of the target market?
• How can design be used to set the product apart?
• Which architects are best for your project?
Approvals/Regulation
• what approvals are needed before you can begin operating?
• How do you apply for requisite approvals, what information is required?
• what licences are you required to hold?
Business Planning
• How is a business plan prepared?
• what areas must be covered, should goals be set?
• How often should the plan be reviewed?
• Setting the overall budget.
Marketing
• How is a marketing plan prepared?
• what pricing strategy should I adopt?
• what target audience am I aiming for?
• what are the most effective marketing mediums for my product?
• what percentage of annual income should be allocated to marketing?
Recruitment/Training
• what types of staff are best for my business?
• Under what conditions should they be employed - eg is enterprise bargaining appropriate?
• what training opportunities are available?
• How can I motivate my staff to perform?
Management
• what is your role as manager of the business?
• what procedures must be put into place?
• Do I know enough about accounting practices?
• what are the taxation requirements?
Industry Structure/Consumer Behaviour
• what are the optimum distribution channels for my product?
• How does my business fit in with other tourism sectors?
Personal suitability for a tourism Business
Tourism is a financially demanding business. However, the personal demands of running a tourism business, which can be far more significant, are all too often overlooked.
The following are just some of the personal advantages and disadvantages of running a tourism business that must be balanced.
Advantages
• Independence
• Possible financial rewards
• personal satisfaction
• Knowledge of industry rules of thumb (eg cost of food and beverage as a percentage of revenue).
The nature of tourism Businesses
Almost 95% of tourism businesses in world are small businesses which provide a range of services to visitors, often on a 24 hours-a-day basis and always seven days a week. tourism is often a seasonal business and careful planning is required to survive.
Tourism is a people based industry because so many of its outputs are
service orientated. It is for this reason that one of the keys to the
success of world as a visitor destination in the future will be the
provision of quality service to visitors equal to international best
practice.
Factors which are likely to dictate the success or failure of a tourism
business are similar to those that generally affect any small
business, in particular the following special aspects relate to a
service-orientated business:
• lack of capital;
• poor attention to pricing;
• lack of skills development and staff training;
• poor business management skills and development;
• lack of tourism industry understanding and experience;
• poor marketing skills;
• a product-focussed rather than a customer-focussed business orientation;
• inability to cope with or acquire changing technology and information systems;
• premature attempts to enter into international markets;
• unrealistic expectations
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